URBANA, Ill. — Nitrogen fertilization is essential for profitable corn production. It also is a major cost of production and can contribute to degradation of the environment.
Is it possible to “teach” corn to fix its own nitrogen, thus eliminating the need for nitrogen fertilizer applications?
Synthetic biology
University of Illinois agricultural engineer Kaustubh Bhalerao believes it may be, through research in an emerging area of engineering called synthetic biology.
“We now understand enough about how genes work and how proteins are produced that we can actually think about reprogramming how living cells work,” said Bhalerao.
“On one hand, it sounds intimidating. But on the other hand, there are tremendous benefits that may be possible by doing this.”
What is it?
Synthetic biology is a new area of research that combines science and engineering in order to design and build or “synthesize” novel biological functions and systems.
Through this new technology, many scientists believe it may be possible to control biological systems to increase food supplies, produce energy, enhance human health, protect the environment, and more.
International research
Bhalerao is leading a multidisciplinary research initiative with collaborators from the University of California, San Francisco; Stanford University; University of Cambridge; and New Castle University aimed at building systems that enable bacteria to spatially organize and communicate with and control plant cells.
The research is funded through a grant of about $2 million from the U.S. National Science Foundation and United Kingdom’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Amp it up
Bhalerao’s research focuses on building systems in which bacteria behave like amplifiers.
“We’ve developed the equivalence of an amplifier inside bacteria. The bacteria sense the presence of an amino acid in their environment and produce a protein in response,” Bhalerao said. “A positive feedback mechanism in the gene circuit amplifies the production of that protein.”
By using bacterial amplifiers, the systems become more sensitive.
“Because of the amplifier, bacterial biosensors can detect concentrations much lower than would have been possible otherwise,” he said.
Application
A specific application being investigated is the design of a system that enables nitrogen fixing bacteria to communicate with the root systems of corn plants.
According to Bhalerao, soybean fixes its own nitrogen by sending a message to a bacterium that encourages it to colonize in the plant’s roots.
Once the right environment has developed, the bacteria start fixing nitrogen for that plant. This results in soybeans being naturally high in nitrogen and a protein-rich food source.
“Why don’t we teach corn how to do this?” Bhalerao said. “This would reduce the need for the application of petroleum-based fertilizers, which has huge implications for sustainable agriculture.”
Just getting started
Synthetic biology is a fast-growing research area with a wide range of potential applications. Scientists are using this new technology to make biosensors sensitive to light, sensitive to uranium, sensitive to rust, etc.
Proven concepts in various stages of development include using bacterial sensors to build bacterial photographic plates, assist with the nuclear mining of uranium, or detect unexploded landmines in the soil.
“This type of technology allows us to think about interesting, novel solutions to major concerns, such as how we can feed more people, or how we can produce more drinking water.
“Synthetic biology is an entirely new discipline,” Bhalerao said. “To compare it with electronics, where it’s drawing a lot of its ideas and terminology from, we are at the stage of developing the transistor. We cannot foresee what the Internet of this technology is going to look like.”
