WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — Farmers should examine winter wheat and forages as the crops emerge from dormancy to determine if they have been damaged from the recent sleet and ice storms, two Purdue Extension specialists say.
Forage crops specialist Keith Johnson estimated that one-fifth of the Indiana landscape was covered by the sleet and ice from the early February storm.
“The snow that fell was not the normal, powdery snow but a combination of ice and rain acting as a natural concrete,” he said.
Damaging effects
Ice can surround the crown of alfalfa plants and allow toxic metabolites to build up, preventing the natural exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during respiration — essentially smothering the plant.
Wheat specialist Shaun Casteel said ice in wheat can permanently damage the crown or kill the plant. Farmers won’t know whether ice caused winter damage to their crops until they go out and check their fields, Johnson said.
Casteel said the key to a field check is to determine how many plants survived. “Producers should shoot for 30-35 wheat plants per square foot, but it is acceptable to have 20 healthy plants per square foot including tillers,” Casteel said.
Timing
Around the third week in March is an excellent time to assess if alfalfa plants are coming back properly, Johnson said. Producers should see a minimum of 30 vigorous tillers per square foot, and more is better. He encouraged using a spade for destructive sampling.
Producers should start in the lower-lying portions of the field, as this is likely where damage is to be found, then fan out to areas with better drainage.
“Cut into the taproot and crown to see if the color is a healthy whitish-beige, not brown, and that green crown buds are appearing evenly around the crown at ground level,” Johnson said.
Mitigation
If weak alfalfa stands are found, producers should determine whether there is a need for added nutrients by soil testing. Johnson also recommends delaying harvest to beyond the late bud stage because reserves for regrowth will be higher than in an earlier harvest. Forage quality will be lower for this one cutting, but persistence of the stand should be improved.
“It’s possible to overseed a moderately injured alfalfa field with red clover before or as alfalfa winter dormancy breaks to recover some forage yield for this year and next,” Johnson said. “It may be best to switch the field into corn if it is too damaged to get some nitrogen credit from the alfalfa crop. Seeding alfalfa into the old stand would not be recommended due to a self-imposed toxicity to germinating seeds.”
Checking survival of wheat plants follows the same procedure as alfalfa. Damaged wheat fields might need more top dressing, Casteel said. Producers also have the option of terminating the wheat crop and starting over with corn or soybean. Preventative measures for ice damage depend on the crop.
“The only ways to prevent damage to wheat are timely planting and establishing a stand before dormancy,” Casteel said. Forage producers can help prevent ice damage to their alfalfa crop by having residual growth and not clean cutting a fall-dormant alfalfa crop.
