(Reprinted from the August 2015 issue of USDA-ARS AgResearch Magazine.)
By Sharon Durham, Ag research staff
BELTSVILLE, Md. — Blackberry crops are becoming more common in the United States, but commercial production is limited in the Midwest and Northeast because the plant’s canes (branches) are injured or killed by low temperatures.
In the southern parts of the country, the challenges are high temperatures and intense sunlight, which can cause fruit to sunburn. Agricultural Research Service horticulturist Fumiomi Takeda, of the Appalachian Fruit Research Station, developed a rotating cross-arm (RCA) trellis and cane-training system to help growers overcome environmental challenges, produce more fruit, and reduce labor costs.
More income
This system can increase a grower’s income by more than $6,000 per acre — a significant increase. The system consists of a fixed length of fence and an equal length of fence fitted to the top with hinges, allowing it to be set at different positions.
“The RCA system allows the canopy (top part) of the blackberry plant to be rotated so that the canopy can be positioned horizontally, diagonally, or vertically,” says Takeda. “In this system, when the primocanes, or first-year growth, reach a certain length, they are bent and trained to grow horizontally on the wire to the adjacent plant, at which time the tips are cut.
The lateral canes that develop from the primocanes are trained on wires on the long cross arm. Once the lateral canes are tied to the wires, the plant canopy can be rotated without breaking the canes to lower the plant canopy closer to the ground in winter and raise it to the diagonal in spring,” said Takeda.
Blackberry canes have a two-year life cycle.
“First-year growth is strictly vegetative and then the canes must survive the winter. The overwintered canes, called ‘floricanes,’ are reproductive and produce fruit from the second year onward,” explained Takeda.
Both sides
The fruit of conventionally trellised blackberry plants is harvested from both sides of the plant row and in the middle of the wide plant canopy. Harvesting fruit on one side of the row of plants trained to the RCA trellis was 30 percent faster than harvesting fruit from both sides of the row.
To limit damage from harsh winter temperatures, growers can use the new trellis system to reposition the canopy and protect it.
“When the RCA trellis and cane training system is used, the overwintering canes can be positioned horizontally close to the ground and then the plants can be covered with insulating material to provide an effective method to prevent low-temperature injury,” said Takeda.
“In spring, while the canes are still oriented horizontally and the insulating material has been removed, the flowering shoots emerge from the canes and grow upward above the canes. Once half of the shoots flower, then the cross-arms can be rotated up and beyond vertical.”
Burned fruit
In the southern portion of the country, high temperatures and intense sunlight can cause fruit to burn. With the RCA trellis and cane-training system, the fruit can be positioned away from direct sunlight.
“In Georgia, the adoption of the RCA trellis and cane-training system has reduced sunburn damage in the Apache blackberry from about 35 percent in the conventional system to less than 5 percent. It has helped increase the volume of fruit that can be packed and can reduce harvest costs, which resulted in increases in grower income,” said Takeda.
