Which came first, resistance or egg?

ATHENS, Ga. – A surprising finding by a team of University of Georgia scientists suggests that curbing the use of antibiotics on poultry farms will do little – if anything – to reduce rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that have the potential to threaten human health.
Margie Lee, professor in the University of Georgia-Athens College of Veterinary Medicine, and her colleagues have found that chickens raised on antibiotic-free farms and even those raised under pristine laboratory conditions have high levels of bacteria that are resistant to common antibiotics.
Born that way. Her findings, published in the March issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology, suggest that poultry come to the farm harboring resistant bacteria, possibly acquired as they were developing in their eggs.
“The resistances don’t necessarily come from antibiotic use in the birds that we eat,” Lee said, “so banning antibiotic use on the farm isn’t going to help. You have to put in some work before that.”
Lee and her team sampled droppings from more than 140,000 birds under four different conditions: commercial flocks that had been given antibiotics; commercial flocks that had not been given antibiotics; flocks raised in a lab that had been given antibiotics; and flocks raised in a lab that had not been given antibiotics.
Resistance levels. The researchers examined levels of antibiotic resistance in normal intestinal bacteria that do not cause human illness and – in a companion study published in May in the same journal – also examined levels of drug-resistant campylobacter bacteria, a common foodborne cause of diarrhea, cramping and abdominal pain.
They found that even birds raised in the pristine laboratory conditions had levels of antibiotic resistance levels comparable to what was seen on farms that used antibiotics.
Even when the levels were lower, Lee added, they were still well above the reasonable comfort zone for antibiotic resistance – roughly 5 percent to 10 percent.
Seventy-three percent of the bacteria from one flock in the antibiotic-free commercial group were resistant to the drug oxytetracycline, for example, while 90 percent were resistant to the drug in a commercial flock that used antibiotics.
Ninety-seven percent were resistant in the experimental flock that was given antibiotics, while 47 percent were resistant in the experimental group that was not given antibiotics.
Human antibiotic. Strikingly, they even found bacteria resistant to streptomycin, a common human antibiotic that is rarely used in poultry and was not used on the farms the researchers studied.
Bacteria swap genes relatively easily, and Lee explained that the concern is that drug resistance genes from bacteria that infect poultry could be passed on to bacteria that cause human illness.
With these resistance genes, human bacterial illness could become harder to treat. These concerns led the European Union to ban the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in chickens in 2006.
In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of the drug Baytril – the brand name for enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic – in poultry, citing concerns that it could lead to resistance in human antibiotics such as Cipro, also a fluoroquinolone.
“They banned Baytril in 2005, and if you look at Baytril resistance in campylobacter now it’s essentially unchanged,” Lee said.
Gene swapping. In previous studies, Lee has tried to recreate experimentally conditions that should lead to the swapping of resistance genes among bacteria.
Lee said these events – known as the horizontal transfer of genes – do occur, but they may not be as common as initially thought.
What may be driving the antibiotic resistance that Lee has observed in her studies is what’s known as vertical transfer – from parent to child – of bacteria carrying resistance genes.
In short, the birds may come to the farm harboring antibiotic resistant bacteria.
“This issue of antibiotic resistance is more complicated than once thought,” Lee said.
Practices. “These findings suggest that banning antibiotics at the farm level may not be as effective as assumed. We need further studies to identify which management practice would be effective.”
Lee stressed that for consumers, the advice on poultry is the same that it’s always been.
Cook meat thoroughly and use proper food handling and preparation techniques – washing your hands regularly and keeping other foods away from raw chicken, for example – to minimize the risk of illness.
“All foods have the potential to contain pathogens – all of them,” Lee said. “There’s no substitute for good food handling and preparation.”