MADISON, Wis. — Joseph Salmons has always been struck by the pervasiveness of the argument.
In his visits across Wisconsin, in many newspaper letters to the editor and in the national debates raging over modern immigration, he encounters the same refrain: “My great, great grandparents came to America and quickly learned English to survive. Why can’t today’s immigrants do the same?”
As a University of Wisconsin-Madison professor of German who has extensively studied European immigrant languages in the Midwest, Salmons discovered there was little direct research available about whether this ‘learn English or bust’ ethic really existed.
To research the topic, Salmons and University of Wisconsin Madison German Ph.D. graduate Miranda Wilkerson delved into census data, newspapers, books, court records and other materials to help document the linguistic experience of German immigrants in Wisconsin from 1839 to the 1930s.
Their paper appeared in a recent issue of the journal American Speech.
German immigrants
Focusing on German immigrants was a logical choice, Salmons said, since they represented the biggest immigration wave to Wisconsin in the mid-1800s, “and they really fit this classic view of the ‘good old immigrants’ of the 19th century.”
What Salmons and Wilkerson found was a remarkable reversal of conventional wisdom: Not only did many early immigrants not feel compelled out of practicality to learn English quickly upon arriving in America, they appeared to live and thrive for decades while speaking exclusively German.
Primary language. In many of the original German settlements in the mid-1800s from southeastern Wisconsin to Lake Winnebago and the Fox Valley, the researchers found German remained the primary language of commerce, education and religion well into the early 20th century, Salmons said.
Some second- and even third-generation German immigrants who were born in Wisconsin were still monolingual in German as adults.
“These folks were committed Americans,” said Salmons. “They participated in politics, in the economy and were leaders in their churches and their schools. They just happened not to conduct much of their life in English.”
One of the richest quantitative sources for the study came from the 1910 U.S. Census, which is digitized and available through the Wisconsin Historical Society.
Wilkerson analyzed self-reports on the languages adults spoke in areas of heavy German settlement, which included nine townships in seven counties across southeastern and central Wisconsin.
Examples include the communities of Hustisford in Dodge County; Hamburg in Marathon County; Kiel in Manitowoc County; Germantown in Washington County and Belgium in Ozaukee County.
In 1910, the researchers still found robust populations of German-only speakers in these communities.
The census identified 24 percent of German-only speakers in Hustisford, 22 percent in Schleswig (Manitowoc County), 21 percent in Hamburg and 18 percent in Kiel.
These numbers did not only represent first-generation immigrants, but included many born in the U.S.
Of the self-reported German-only speakers in the census, 43 percent from Germantown were born in the U.S., followed by 36 percent in Schleswig, 35 percent in Hustisford and 34 percent in Brothertown (Calumet County).
“What this means for the learning (or non-learning) of English here is telling: After 50 or more years of living in the U.S., many speakers in some communities remained monolingual,” the authors wrote.
“This finding provides striking counter evidence to the claim early immigrants learned English quickly.”
Evidence
Salmons points to other straightforward evidence of how viable the German language remained in Wisconsin.
Through state history, there were more than 500 German-language newspapers published in Wisconsin. Those small-town papers often consolidated into larger-circulation papers in the 20th century and remained commercially available into the 1940s.
One of the remarkable findings in the census was being a German-only speaker “did not act as a barrier to opportunity in the work force,” said Salmons.
While they expected to find these people on the fringes of the mainstream economy, instead they found a wide range of occupations represented, including teachers, clergymen, retail merchants, blacksmiths, tailors, yard foremen and surveyors, in addition to farmers and laborers.
“The key issue seemed to be whether they had a big enough German-speaking community, where they had a critical mass for people to be comfortable being monolingual,” Salmons said. “There was no huge pressure to change in those communities.”
Modern political culture
The look at century-old language patterns seems especially salient in the modern political culture, where ‘English-only’ movements are cropping up everywhere and there is considerable debate about how quickly new Spanish-speaking immigrants should be assimilating a new language.
As evidence of how heated the rhetoric has become, the paper references a 2006 comment from talk show host Michael Reagan, who stated, “Hordes of immigrants … are chattering away in their native language and have no intention of learning English.”
Added Reagan: “Can you blame them? They are being enabled by all those diversity fanatics to defy the age-old custom of immigrants to our shores who made it one of their first priorities to learn to speak English and to teach their offspring to do likewise. It was a case of sink or swim.”
Salmons said their study suggests conventional wisdom may actually have it backwards — while early immigrants didn’t necessarily need English to succeed and responded slowly, modern immigrants recognize it as a ticket to success and are learning English in extremely high percentages.
